Carson is one month old today. I can't believe how fast he is growing and changing. At his 3 week appointment last week, Dr. Heiar said he was growing well and everything looked perfect. He weighed 9 lbs, 7.8 oz and was 23 inches long. I think he scooted a bit when she was measuring his length though, because I know he's grown, but I don't think he's grown 3 inches in length in 3 weeks of life. :)
We don't have to come back until he is 2 months old, and then we have to have the dreaded shots, which won't be any fun for mommy. It's the week I go back to work, so I will be taking him on my lunch hour, I don't know if I'll be able to go back to work or if I'll be crying too much.:(
At one month old, Carson is:
-Eating 4ish ounces of breastmilk every 2-3 hours during the day, has one stretch of sleeping 4-5 hours at night, and then up to eat again in 3 hours after that.
-Wearing size 1 diapers
-Sleeps in the bassinet in his pack-n-play
-Loves to be swaddled at night
-Enjoys baths more that his umbilical stump fell off on May 16th
-Wearing newborn and 0-3 and 3 month clothes, depending on the brand. He is long through the torso and has short legs, so he needs newborn bottoms and larger tops. He has a drawer full of 3 month pants that are several inches too long for him!
-Smiling occasionally, especially if you kiss all over his face or smile at him
-Enjoying tummy time, and is getting a pretty strong neck
-focusing on faces of people
-Being alert and awake more during the day
-Taking more interest in his play mat and hitting the things that hang down sporadically
-Cooing every once in awhile, it's the cutest thing ever!
-Sticks his fingers ( or fist, or bib, or mom's fingers) in his mouth when he's hungry, or if you hold his face up to your face, he tries to eat your cheeks
-Tooting with the force of a 30 year old man! Seriously, this kid is not a shy pooper.
Here are some pictures of Carson over the last month!
Monday, May 28, 2012
Saturday, May 26, 2012
Carson Carson Carson
My sweet baby boy is 4 weeks old today. I can't believe how fast it is flying by. My maternity leave is half over, and the thought of having to leave him all day to go to work breaks my heart.
Carson and I are getting to know each other pretty well. He's a very mellow baby and really only cries when he's hungry. Sometimes it's an hour after he's last eaten, sometimes, 3, and sometimes at night he can go for 6 or 7 hours. Other times he cries 10 minutes after he's finished a bottle because he's a piglet and isn't satisfied. For the most part, he eats 4 oz. at a time. I think it's all going to his cheeks. :) He weighed 9 lbs, and 7.8oz. at his last appointment.
He LOVES food. He loves to cuddle and snuggle and wants to be held all the time. He loves his pacifier. He loves to be swaddled at night, although he didn't at first, and he does let you know in the morning when he's had enough and wants freedom. He hates being naked. He is indifferent about diaper changes...sometimes he cries, other times he could care less. He loves to smile at his daddy. He loves to be talked to. He loves bath time, after he gets over being naked. He falls asleep in his car seat going for rides or walks. He does great in the car. He hates his crib and sleeps in the bassinet in his pack and play. He hates tummy time on the floor, but likes to hold his head up when he's being burped. Before he cries he scrunches up his face into an adorable pout that melts my heart He has a big head and short, skinny legs. He wears newborn pants and 0-3 month tops, and one piece items are too big for him, he looks like a gangsta. :)
He's starting to grab on to things...like my heart. :) He definitely has his mama wrapped around his finger.
I knew motherhood would be amazing, that is why I fought so long and hard to get it. But it's even more amazing than I ever imagined it could be.
Carson and I are getting to know each other pretty well. He's a very mellow baby and really only cries when he's hungry. Sometimes it's an hour after he's last eaten, sometimes, 3, and sometimes at night he can go for 6 or 7 hours. Other times he cries 10 minutes after he's finished a bottle because he's a piglet and isn't satisfied. For the most part, he eats 4 oz. at a time. I think it's all going to his cheeks. :) He weighed 9 lbs, and 7.8oz. at his last appointment.
He LOVES food. He loves to cuddle and snuggle and wants to be held all the time. He loves his pacifier. He loves to be swaddled at night, although he didn't at first, and he does let you know in the morning when he's had enough and wants freedom. He hates being naked. He is indifferent about diaper changes...sometimes he cries, other times he could care less. He loves to smile at his daddy. He loves to be talked to. He loves bath time, after he gets over being naked. He falls asleep in his car seat going for rides or walks. He does great in the car. He hates his crib and sleeps in the bassinet in his pack and play. He hates tummy time on the floor, but likes to hold his head up when he's being burped. Before he cries he scrunches up his face into an adorable pout that melts my heart He has a big head and short, skinny legs. He wears newborn pants and 0-3 month tops, and one piece items are too big for him, he looks like a gangsta. :)
He's starting to grab on to things...like my heart. :) He definitely has his mama wrapped around his finger.
I knew motherhood would be amazing, that is why I fought so long and hard to get it. But it's even more amazing than I ever imagined it could be.
Thursday, May 3, 2012
Newborn Pictures
Carson got some wonderful photos taken of him when he was 5 days old. We love Yarrow Photography!!
It was so hard to decide what pictures to order. I am so glad we got to capture this special time in our lives. Carson was a champ and slept through the whole session!
It was so hard to decide what pictures to order. I am so glad we got to capture this special time in our lives. Carson was a champ and slept through the whole session!
Monday, April 30, 2012
Carson David Lloyd
The story of getting Carson out of my uterus is very similar
to getting him into it…difficult.
Friday, April 27 ended as any other night does in our house.
Brent was finishing up watching something NASCAR on TV, so I went ahead and get
in bed around 9:30, and he came in shortly after, and we both fell asleep.
About 11:00, I woke up and rolled over in bed, and decided I needed to get up
and use the bathroom. When I stood up, I felt a huge gush of liquid, and
thought that I had peed my pants. I finished my business, and went back to the
bedroom to get a clean pair of underwear, and the liquid started running down
my leg. It took me a minute, but then I realized, my water had just broken!!
I woke Brent up and told him my water had broken, and it
took him a minute because he was asleep, but then he sprung into action and
grabbed the last few things for my bag, loaded the car, and kept me calm. I
called the Dr.’s office and he told me to head on in. I thought it would be the
longest car ride to Waterloo ever, but it turns out it wasn’t too bad, I wasn’t
really even having any contractions yet.
Once we got to the hospital, a nurse checked the fluid to
make sure it was my water breaking, and it was, and then she checked to see if
I was dilated at all, and I wasn’t. They told me that baby had had a bowl
movement inside, which is called meconium, so that was something we needed to
watch. They got me all checked in, changed, and started an IV with fluids. They
had to also get me an IV with antibiotics because I tested positive for Group B
Strep, but that took several hours, because like anything else, I have to be
difficult and be allergic to a lot of medicine. Eventually they got that
started though.
I started having some mild contractions around 1:00 or 2:00,
and for awhile they weren’t too bad. The whirl pool tub in the room provided
some nice relief for me. Around 4, the contractions started to get worse and
closer together, but when the nurse checked me, she said I was only dilated a
fingertip, and I had to be 3 to 4 centimeters before I could get the epidural.
Brent and I walked several laps around the labor and delivery floor trying to
speed things up. That was fun.
We continued on like that for hours…I was in a lot of pain,
but wasn’t progressed enough to get the drugs!! Around 10:00, Dr. Hintz came in
and checked me, and to my surprise, he said I was 4-5 centimeters. I will save you
all the details, but apparently my cervix is difficult as well, and once he
checked me, it sort of “popped” open farther.
The anesthesiologist was called, and finally around 11 or
so, she came in, and gave me the epidural. I was terrified of getting it, but
it really wasn’t bad at all, and the contractions were so distracting, I
honestly didn’t even mind that there was a giant needle being stuck in my
spine.
The epidural was wonderful. It took away all the pain and
made my legs feel tingly. But shortly after I got it, my blood pressure dropped
and baby’s heartbeat stopped registering on the monitor. I freaked out
internally while they gave me oxygen and called in Dr. Hintz. Luckily he was
very relaxed, and stuck a monitor of some sort inside and put an electrode on
baby’s head, and the heartbeat showed back up right away. I could breathe
again, that was scary.
About an hour or so later, they decided to come in and stuck
another tube inside me to measure how strong the contractions were, because I
was only dilated to a 6 after more than 12 hours since my water had broken.
They decided to give me some Pitocin to try and speed things along. It worked
for awhile, and the contractions got stronger, but baby’s heartbeat would slow
down during the contractions, so they kept adjusting the amount, turning it up
and down. Luckily, with me being numb, I couldn’t feel it.
A couple of hours later, I was STILL at a 6, and baby was
still not tolerating the contractions very well, so they nurses came in and put
me in a lovely position, with my knees to my chest and my butt up in the air.
Baby actually liked that better, as uncomfortable as it was, so we stayed that
way for awhile. Eventually, I did dilate to an 8.
They came in to do an ultrasound to double check the baby’s
position, and it turns out he was what they call sunny-side up, or with his
face facing up instead of the back of his head. So Dr. Hintz tried to turn him
with no luck. One of the nurses had me lay almost on my stomach on both sides
for awhile trying to make baby mad enough to move, even though Dr. Hintz said
it wouldn’t work. He was so convinced it wouldn’t work, that he told the nurse
he would buy her a new car if it did. Unfortunately for her and for me, it
didn’t.
The words c-section had been tossed around a couple times at
this point, but finally Dr. Hintz said we will give it another hour or two, but
with the size of your pelvis, the fact that you have a very protruding pubic
bone, the fact that you’re not dilating past an 8 (I think we were there for
over 2 hours, it’s a little blurry at this point) and the fact that the baby is
face up, we can give it another hour or two, and then we will have to do a
c-section.
An hour later, he came in and checked me again, and there
were no changes. By this point the epidural was starting to wear off, I was
exhausted, and I was terrified that I was going to have a c-section, the whole
pregnancy that is what I said I didn’t want. I was in a lot of pain from the
contractions, and I was just so ready to have the baby.
It took them about 30 minutes from then, but they wheeled me
in and gave me some more good drugs in my catheter, and started the c-section.
Luckily Brent was able to be in there with me, that really helped my anxiety.
About 15 minutes into the surgery, Carson David Lloyd was
out. 8:04 P.M. on Saturday, April 28, 2012. He was so beautiful, and the tears just started coming when I saw him.
Brent took lots of pictures. He came out crying like mad. He weighed 8 lbs. and
9 oz., and was 20 inches long. They had to suction out his lungs because of all
the yucky stuff he inhaled, but 21 hours after we started, I finally had my
little boy. Brent brought him over to me so I could see him, but since I was
still having surgery, I didn’t get to hold him, which made me sad.
The c-section was painful. You’re numb, but you can still
feel a lot of what they’re doing, and it’s not pleasant. The whole surgery
lasted about an hour and 15 minutes. My Dr. is very meticulous, and I only have
a very tiny little scar to show for it.
The recovery has been slow and painful, but every day I feel
better, and I am so in love with my little man. He’s growing like a weed,
already back up to his birth weight. Breastfeeding is not quite going how we
planned, which I suppose shouldn’t surprise me. I can’t produce enough for his
piggy ways, so we are supplementing with formula, and I am pumping and giving
him breast milk in a bottle because he won’t stay latched on, and rather than
frustrate both of us, we have found what works for us.
Wednesday, April 25, 2012
40 Weeks, Due Date, Swollen Feet!
Well, Baby Lloyd didn't get the memo that we are not just on time in this family..we are EARLY. I guess he/she must me nice and comfy in there.
I guess I get to enjoy these pretty elephant feet for a little while longer!!
How your baby's growing:
It's hard to say for sure how big your baby will be, but the average newborn weighs about 7 1/2 pounds (a small pumpkin) and is about 20 inches long. His skull bones are not yet fused, which allows them to overlap a bit if it's a snug fit through the birth canal during labor. This so-called "molding" is the reason your baby's noggin may look a little conehead-ish after birth. Rest assured — it's normal and temporary.See what your baby looks like this week.
Note: Every baby develops a little differently — even in the womb. Our information is designed to give you a general idea of your baby's development.
How your life's changing:
After months of anticipation, your due date rolls around, and... you're still pregnant. It's a frustrating, but common, situation in which to find yourself. You may not be as late as you think, especially if you're relying solely on a due date calculated from the day of your last period because sometimes women ovulate later than expected. Even with reliable dating, some women have prolonged pregnancies for no apparent reason.You still have a couple of weeks before you'll be considered "post-term." But to be sure your baby is still thriving, your practitioner will schedule you for testing to keep an eye on her if your pregnancy continues.
Fetal heart rate monitoring (called a nonstress test or NST) will generally be done as well — by itself or as part of the BPP. Or, you may have what's known as a modified BPP, which consists of an NST and an ultrasound to assess the amount of amniotic fluid.
If the fetal testing isn't reassuring — the amniotic fluid level is too low, for example — you'll be induced. If there's a serious, urgent problem, you may have an immediate c-section.
Your practitioner will also check your cervix to see if it's "ripening." Its position, how soft it is, how effaced (thinned out) it is, and how dilated (open) it is can all affect when and how your labor is induced. If you don't go into labor on your own, you'll be induced, usually sometime between 41 and 42 weeks.
Wednesday, April 11, 2012
38 Weeks!!
I found out last week that I did test positive for Group B Strep. This means I will have to have an IV antibiotic while in labor just to make sure nothing gets passed on to baby. Of course, I am allergic to the usual medicine, Penicillin, so I get to take something rare and special. Yep, sounds like me!!
Wondering what color your baby's eyes will be? You may not be able to tell right away. If she's born with brown eyes, they'll likely stay brown. If she's born with steel gray or dark blue eyes, they may stay gray or blue or turn green, hazel, or brown by the time she's 9 months old. That's because a child's irises (the colored part of the eye) may gain more pigment in the months after she's born, but they usually won't get "lighter" or more blue. (Green, hazel, and brown eyes have more pigment than gray or blue eyes.)
See what your baby looks like this week.
Note: Every baby develops a little differently — even in the womb. Our information is designed to give you a general idea of your baby's development.
Some swelling in your feet and ankles is normal during these last weeks, but call your practitioner without delay if you notice excessive or sudden swelling of your feet or ankles, more than slight swelling of your hands, any swelling in your face or puffiness around your eyes, or have a sudden weight gain. Also let her know immediately if have severe or persistent headaches; visual changes (such as double or blurred vision, seeing spots or flashing lights, light sensitivity, or a temporary loss of vision), intense upper abdominal pain or tenderness, or nausea and vomiting. These are symptoms of a serious condition called preeclampsia.
How your baby's growing:
Your baby has really plumped up. She weighs about 6.8 pounds and she's over 19 1/2 inches long (like a leek). She has a firm grasp, which you'll soon be able to test when you hold her hand for the first time! Her organs have matured and are ready for life outside the womb.Wondering what color your baby's eyes will be? You may not be able to tell right away. If she's born with brown eyes, they'll likely stay brown. If she's born with steel gray or dark blue eyes, they may stay gray or blue or turn green, hazel, or brown by the time she's 9 months old. That's because a child's irises (the colored part of the eye) may gain more pigment in the months after she's born, but they usually won't get "lighter" or more blue. (Green, hazel, and brown eyes have more pigment than gray or blue eyes.)
See what your baby looks like this week.
Note: Every baby develops a little differently — even in the womb. Our information is designed to give you a general idea of your baby's development.
How your life's changing:
For many women, the next couple of weeks are a waiting game. Use this time to prepare your baby's nursery or to take care of necessary tasks you may not get around to for a while after your baby's born. Take naps, catch up on your reading, and spend uninterrupted time with your partner while you can.Some swelling in your feet and ankles is normal during these last weeks, but call your practitioner without delay if you notice excessive or sudden swelling of your feet or ankles, more than slight swelling of your hands, any swelling in your face or puffiness around your eyes, or have a sudden weight gain. Also let her know immediately if have severe or persistent headaches; visual changes (such as double or blurred vision, seeing spots or flashing lights, light sensitivity, or a temporary loss of vision), intense upper abdominal pain or tenderness, or nausea and vomiting. These are symptoms of a serious condition called preeclampsia.
Wednesday, March 28, 2012
36 Weeks!!
My appointment this week was rather exciting. Dr. Hintz decided to check my cervix while testing me for the Group B Strep, just because he was down there already. :) I was about 50% effaced, but not dilated at all yet. Baby's head is really low, apparently, so low that he decided to do an ultrasound just to check things out and make sure everything was okay. Of course, I was extremely nervous, but everything turned out fine. We found out that Baby Lloyd is about 6.5 pounds right now, and has a big head and skinny legs. Dr. Hintz predicts baby will be between 8-8.5 pounds when it's born based on this ultrasound. I've been having a lot of swelling in my feet and my blood pressure was elevated today, but so far, so good.
At the end of this week, your baby will be considered full-term. (Full-term is 37 to 42 weeks; babies born before 37 weeks are pre-term and those born after 42 are post-term.) Most likely she's in a head-down position. But if she isn't, your practitioner may suggest scheduling an "external cephalic version," which is a fancy way of saying she'll try to coax your baby into a head-down position by manipulating her from the outside of your belly.
See what your baby looks like this week. (Or see what fraternal twins look like in the womb this week.)
Note: Every baby develops a little differently — even in the womb. Our information is designed to give you a general idea of your baby's development.
You might also notice that your Braxton Hicks contractions are more frequent now. Be sure to review the signs of labor with your practitioner and find out when she wants to hear from you. As a general rule, if you're full-term, your pregnancy is uncomplicated, and your water hasn't broken, she'll probably have you wait to come in until you've been having contractions that last for about a minute each, coming every five minutes for an hour. Of course, you'll want to call right away if you notice a decrease in your baby's activity or think you're leaking amniotic fluid, or if you have any vaginal bleeding, fever, a severe or persistent headache, constant abdominal pain, or vision changes.
Even if you're enjoying an uncomplicated pregnancy, it's best to avoid flying (or any travel far from home) during your final month because you can go into labor at any time. In fact, some airlines won't let women on board who are due to deliver within 30 days of the flight.
For first-time moms, labor takes an average of 15 hours, though it's not uncommon to last more than 20. (For women who've previously had a vaginal birth, it takes eight hours, on average.) The process of labor and birth is divided into three main stages. Here are the highlights on how childbirth progresses:
First stage The first stage begins when you start having contractions that progressively dilate and efface your cervix and it ends when your cervix is fully dilated. This stage is divided into two phases, early and active labor.
It can be tricky to determine exactly when early labor starts. That's because early labor contractions are sometimes hard to distinguish from the inefficient Braxton Hicks contractions that you may have been feeling for some time.
Unless there are complications or your midwife or doctor has advised you otherwise, expect to sit out most of your early labor at home. (Be sure, though, to check in with your caregiver to make certain.)
Early labor ends when your cervix is about 4 centimeters dilated and your progress starts to speed up. At this point, you enter what's known as the active phase of labor. Your contractions become more frequent, longer, and stronger.
The last part of the active phase — when your cervix dilates from 8 to 10 centimeters — is called the transition period because it marks the transition to the second stage of labor. This is the most intense part of the first stage, with contractions that are usually very strong, coming about every two and a half to three minutes and lasting a minute or more.
Second stage Once your cervix is fully dilated, the second stage of labor begins: the final descent and birth of your baby. This is the "pushing" stage of labor, and it can last anywhere from minutes to a few hours. (It's likely to be quicker if you've previously given birth vaginally.)
Your baby's head will continue to advance with each push until it "crowns" — the term used to describe the time when the widest part of your baby's head is finally visible. After your baby's head comes out, your midwife or doctor will suction his mouth and nose, and feel around his neck for the umbilical cord. His head then turns to the side as his shoulders rotate inside the pelvis to get into position for their exit. With the next contraction, you'll be coached to push as his shoulders deliver, one at a time, followed by the rest of his body.
You may feel a wide range of emotions now: euphoria, awe, pride, disbelief, excitement (to name a few), and, of course, intense relief that it's all over. Exhausted as you may be, you'll also probably feel a burst of energy, and any thoughts of sleep will vanish for the time being.
Stage three The final stage of labor begins immediately after the birth of your baby and ends with the delivery of your placenta. The contractions in the third stage are relatively mild.
How your baby's growing:
Your baby is still packing on the pounds — at the rate of about an ounce a day. She now weighs almost 6 pounds (like a crenshaw melon) and is more than 18 1/2 inches long. She's shedding most of the downy covering of hair that covered her body as well as the vernix caseosa, the waxy substance that covered and protected her skin during her nine-month amniotic bath. Your baby swallows both of these substances, along with other secretions, resulting in a blackish mixture, called meconium, will form the contents of her first bowel movement.At the end of this week, your baby will be considered full-term. (Full-term is 37 to 42 weeks; babies born before 37 weeks are pre-term and those born after 42 are post-term.) Most likely she's in a head-down position. But if she isn't, your practitioner may suggest scheduling an "external cephalic version," which is a fancy way of saying she'll try to coax your baby into a head-down position by manipulating her from the outside of your belly.
See what your baby looks like this week. (Or see what fraternal twins look like in the womb this week.)
Note: Every baby develops a little differently — even in the womb. Our information is designed to give you a general idea of your baby's development.
How your life's changing:
Now that your baby is taking up so much room, you may have trouble eating a normal-size meal. Smaller, more frequent meals are often easier to handle at this point. On the other hand, you may have less heartburn and have an easier time breathing when your baby starts to "drop" down into your pelvis. This process — called lightening — often happens a few weeks before labor if this is your first baby. (If you've given birth before, it probably won't happen before labor starts.) If your baby drops, you may also feel increased pressure in your lower abdomen, which may make walking increasingly uncomfortable, and you'll probably find that you have to pee even more frequently. If your baby is very low, you may feel lots of vaginal pressure and discomfort as well. Some women say it feels as though they're carrying a bowling ball between their legs!You might also notice that your Braxton Hicks contractions are more frequent now. Be sure to review the signs of labor with your practitioner and find out when she wants to hear from you. As a general rule, if you're full-term, your pregnancy is uncomplicated, and your water hasn't broken, she'll probably have you wait to come in until you've been having contractions that last for about a minute each, coming every five minutes for an hour. Of course, you'll want to call right away if you notice a decrease in your baby's activity or think you're leaking amniotic fluid, or if you have any vaginal bleeding, fever, a severe or persistent headache, constant abdominal pain, or vision changes.
Even if you're enjoying an uncomplicated pregnancy, it's best to avoid flying (or any travel far from home) during your final month because you can go into labor at any time. In fact, some airlines won't let women on board who are due to deliver within 30 days of the flight.
Eating in
"Start collecting take-out and delivery menus from local restaurants.
You won't have time to cook in the early weeks after giving birth. Even
restaurants without a visible take-out business will usually accommodate
a to-go order (especially if it's for a new mom!)." — Kristina
Surprising Facts: The stages of labor
For first-time moms, labor takes an average of 15 hours, though it's not uncommon to last more than 20. (For women who've previously had a vaginal birth, it takes eight hours, on average.) The process of labor and birth is divided into three main stages. Here are the highlights on how childbirth progresses:
First stage The first stage begins when you start having contractions that progressively dilate and efface your cervix and it ends when your cervix is fully dilated. This stage is divided into two phases, early and active labor.
It can be tricky to determine exactly when early labor starts. That's because early labor contractions are sometimes hard to distinguish from the inefficient Braxton Hicks contractions that you may have been feeling for some time.
Unless there are complications or your midwife or doctor has advised you otherwise, expect to sit out most of your early labor at home. (Be sure, though, to check in with your caregiver to make certain.)
Early labor ends when your cervix is about 4 centimeters dilated and your progress starts to speed up. At this point, you enter what's known as the active phase of labor. Your contractions become more frequent, longer, and stronger.
The last part of the active phase — when your cervix dilates from 8 to 10 centimeters — is called the transition period because it marks the transition to the second stage of labor. This is the most intense part of the first stage, with contractions that are usually very strong, coming about every two and a half to three minutes and lasting a minute or more.
Second stage Once your cervix is fully dilated, the second stage of labor begins: the final descent and birth of your baby. This is the "pushing" stage of labor, and it can last anywhere from minutes to a few hours. (It's likely to be quicker if you've previously given birth vaginally.)
Your baby's head will continue to advance with each push until it "crowns" — the term used to describe the time when the widest part of your baby's head is finally visible. After your baby's head comes out, your midwife or doctor will suction his mouth and nose, and feel around his neck for the umbilical cord. His head then turns to the side as his shoulders rotate inside the pelvis to get into position for their exit. With the next contraction, you'll be coached to push as his shoulders deliver, one at a time, followed by the rest of his body.
You may feel a wide range of emotions now: euphoria, awe, pride, disbelief, excitement (to name a few), and, of course, intense relief that it's all over. Exhausted as you may be, you'll also probably feel a burst of energy, and any thoughts of sleep will vanish for the time being.
Stage three The final stage of labor begins immediately after the birth of your baby and ends with the delivery of your placenta. The contractions in the third stage are relatively mild.
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